COMMFirst action on IFR comm failure?
Fly the aircraft, confirm it's really a failure, squawk 7600, try alternate radios/frequencies/relay.
COMMVFR conditions after failure — rule?
Continue VFR and land as soon as practicable.
COMMIMC route order (91.185)?
AVEF — Assigned, Vectored, Expected, Filed.
COMMIMC altitude (91.185)?
Highest of Assigned, Expected, MEA — for each segment.
COMM7600 vs 7500 vs 7700?
7600 = lost comms; 7700 = emergency; 7500 = hijack. Use 7600 here.
COMMWhen to start the approach (lost comms)?
Leave the clearance limit to begin the approach at the EFC time, or as close as practical to your ETA.
PPWhat does "loss of primary flight instruments" mean?
Depends on panel: vacuum AI/HI on a six-pack, or PFD/AHRS on glass. Know what you lose & what remains.
PPDisagreeing instrument in a cross-check?
Suspect the lone disagreeing instrument is the failed one; trust the survivors.
PPSubstitute for a failed attitude indicator?
Turn coordinator for bank, altimeter/VSI/ASI for pitch trend, compass/heading source for direction.
PPBest approach choice degraded?
Simplest achievable (often GPS/LNAV); declare if needed, configure early, brief the miss.
RISKLost-comms guiding principle?
Be predictable — the regs let ATC anticipate and protect your path. Don't improvise.
R44Where to confirm transponder/avionics & emergency steps?
R44 POH Systems Description & Emergency Procedures, plus avionics supplement. R44 normally VFR-only — verify.