VORThree steps before navigating on any VOR?
Tune the frequency, identify the Morse (or voice) ident, confirm the flag is OFF. No ident = do not use.
VORNeedle centered + FROM tells you what?
The radial you are presently on. Needle centered + TO = your magnetic bearing to the station.
VORWhich way to turn to find a deflected course?
Toward the needle. CDI shows the course relative to you and is not affected by heading.
VORTypical intercept angle for a course?
About 30°–45° (more for a large deflection); lead the turn-on as the needle starts to center.
VOREstablishing a wind correction angle?
Bracket: turn into the wind, let the needle re-center, take out part of the correction; repeat until the needle stays centered.
VORCone of confusion / station passage?
Near the station radials converge, CDI gets sensitive and oscillates; positive TO-to-FROM flip = station passage.
GPSRAIM vs. WAAS?
RAIM = integrity monitoring on a basic GPS. WAAS adds a correction/integrity signal precise enough for vertical guidance (LPV).
GPSLEG vs. OBS/SUSP mode?
LEG auto-sequences waypoints; OBS/SUSP holds the active fix for a hold or procedure turn. Brief which you need before each segment.
ARCRaw-data DME arc technique?
“Turn ten, twist ten” — keep the bearing pointer near the wingtip; turn 10° toward the station as it falls ~10° behind.
ARCGPS distance vs. DME distance?
GPS = distance over the ground; DME = slant range. They read differently close-in and at altitude.
GPSGPS in lieu of DME/ADF — limit?
Generally allowed if the fix/facility is in the current database and the install is approved; not a substitute for the primary NAVAID unless permitted. Verify per AFMS/AIM.
R44Where do you confirm the installed NAV/GPS capability?
R44 POH Systems Description & the avionics/equipment supplement. R44 normally VFR-only — verify IFR trainer fit.